a woman of powerful means
by Douglas Messerli
Gene Markey and Kathryn Scola (screenplay, based on a story
by Daryl Zanuck), Alfred E. Green (director) Baby Face / 1933
If there was ever an example of a healthy shift away from
the Naturalism of Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser at the turn of the
century, it was the almost Grade B movie of 1933, Baby Face— fortunately made with Grade A actors such as Barbara
Stanwyck and George Brent.
While the Depression may have set everyone spinning back to believing
that their personal fates lay outside of their control, Stanwyck’s character,
Lily Powers, is a girl of flowering powers, revealed to her by the local
cobbler—who a bit like Joseph Stalin, whose father was a cobbler, and carried
with him the tools of shoe-making for the rest of life—who has matters more
political and philosophical on his mind. A devotee of Nietzsche—at least of
Nietzsche’s sayings collected by his sister after the philosopher had gone
mad—Adolph Cragg (Alphonse Ethier) consuls his young admirer, Lily, to take
advantage of the power of her sexuality, arguing that she should use her sexual
appeal, like the men use physical bulk, to achieve the goals she desires.
The only problem is that Lily has yet to
discover what she truly desires. At one point, as she works in her father’s
apartment-based speakeasy, we glimpse that her wishes may be simple; opening
the windows and breathing upon her few window-boxed plants, the lights of the
oil refineries glistening below; it appears that all she truly wants to is a
bit a fresh air, the pleasure of her lungs not filled with the fumes of oil and
her attendant life with the crude workers from the refineries.
She seems doomed, however, by the world in
which she has been raised, where her father has used his daughter as a
prostitute in order to gain friends and obtain the permissions to continue
running his illegal still. When a local politician attempts to make good on her
father’s promises, however, Lily rebels, clobbering the local politician over
the head with a beer bottle, and, in so doing, threatening her father’s
livelihood. The interchange between father and daughter reveals what the young
girl has had to endure throughout most of her childhood, and sets the tone, in
fact, for her actions throughout the rest of the movie:
Lily Powers: Yeah, I'm a
tramp, and who's to blame? My Father.
A swell start you gave me.
Ever since I was fourteen, what's it been?
Nothing but men! Dirty
rotten men! And you're lower than any
of them. I'll hate you as
long as I live!
If the fact that her man-hating manifesto
along with even the mention of Nietzsche in this Daryl Zanuck concocted
comedy-drama, all seems a bit strange, this film, I warn you, is an unabashedly
odd duckling, among the top films that are often cited for assuring the
existence of Will Hays’ Production Code, the moral mantle tossed over Hollywood
Productions to douse the embers of any pre-code enlightenment. Only in a recent version was it discovered that Lily was only 14 at the time of her first sexual exploits, which can only explain her obvious hatred of men which permeates this film.
Within moments after Lily’s attack on the
male species, her father dies in an explosion of his still, and she, along with
her apparently life-long black friend, Chico (the wonderful Theresa Harris) is
freed to discover herself.
Once again, Lily does not really know what
to make of that freedom, debating, on another visit to her cobbler friend,
whether it might not be best to take the strip club offer she’s just received,
where she might be paid for showing off her body. But in the original
uncensored version I saw yesterday at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
showing, part of their series in “Masters of Hollywood Costumes,” the cobbler
proclaims that she must use men like they have previously used her, that she
should show no compromises in obtaining what she wants.
And with that Lily and Chico are off to
New York, hinting at what might have been, but of course couldn’t have been
realized, the first black and white lesbian liaison ever presented on screen.
A scene in the empty freight car, as the
two women attempt to tramp along as hobos, demonstrates that Lily has suddenly
caught on to what the old cobbler has tried to teach her. Discovered by a train
official, the two are ordered off and threatened with imprisonment. Looking
carefully into her assailant’s face, Lily suggests they “talk it over,” the
idea of which, after a quick smirk, the railway man takes up, joining the two
women as Chico moves away in a joyously sexually-laced song. In the dark railway
car we catch only the glimpse of the line-man’s gloves tossed beside Lily, she
carefully moving them aside—obviously to make room for him next to her in the
straw. The women here are where the power lies, and the two of them join in on
that new aspect of their lives, a sisterhood as old as the most ancient of
texts.
Without the further ado, the two women,
having arrived in Eden, walk down the avenue, staring into the windows of
wealthy eateries before Lily spots the Gotham Trust tower, which the camera
follows from its base to the top of its towers—a motif that will be repeated
throughout the film as Lily makes her way, quite literally, up from the
employment office to the very top. Flirting with the security guard, she
discovers the whereabouts of the employment office, quickly conquering a chubby
assistant to the head of personnel before we, breathtakingly, discover her—much
like J. Pierpont Finch in How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying—in
the filing department.
Using the men she encounters like so-many
sitting ducks, just as they behave, Lily sleeps her way up the corporate
ladder. An affair with a youthful John Wayne (as Jimmy McCoy) quickly leads her
to his boss, Brody (Douglass Dumbrille). And before we even blink, accompanied
by the glorious tones of W. C. Handy’s St. Louis Blues, she applies herself to
the Mortgage Department, where she is caught in the ladies’ room with by a
rising young executive Ned Stevens (Donald Cook). Brody loses his job, but Lily
successfully convinces that she was forced into the situation, her job
temporarily “saved.”
What is interesting and of great
importance in her dizzying successes is that the script goes out of its way to
demonstrate that Lily is not only a competent worker, but is exceptional, that
she deserves the promotions that she has sexually obtained. Indeed, without her
behind-the-scenes manipulation of the men around her, she would likely never
have been awarded what she truly deserves.
Similarly, despite several times when the
men in her life would have her dismiss her maid / friend Chico, Lily remains
absolutely adamant that the black woman not only remain in her close
relationship with her, but that she equally benefit in the financial gains Lily
has used to improve her own appearance through a near-staggering number of
hair-styles and Orry-Kelly gowns. Although I wouldn’t argue too stridently for
this, I suggest that, given Lily’s detestation of the men of whom she takes
advantage, that her relationship with Chico might represent something closer
than mere friendship, hinted at, perhaps by the increasing number of dolls
which appear upon her bed—which, a few years later Djuna Barnes would speak of
in her novel of lesbian love, Nightwood, as surrogate children.
What matters more in this film, however,
is Lily’s continued rise in the company echelons. Despite the fact that Stevens
is rumored to be morally inculpable and that he is engaged to First Vice
President J. R. Carter’s daughter, Lily quickly forces him into an untenable
corner, by allowing his finance to discover them sharing a kiss. When Stevens
cannot bring himself to fire Lily, he is temporarily sent away by Carter, who
himself takes on Lily as his lover, setting her up in a lavish, new apartment
attached to her own special bank account! The old codger is delighted with Baby
Face’s foolish baby talk, but it is also clear just from the number of
conquests she has made, and the fact that those she has destroyed all attempt
to return to her, that Lily is just as good at her sexual duties as she was in
her official ones.
When Stevens, however, attempts to return
to her arms, despite her cold dismissal of him, he stumbles into her current
situation only to kill his would-be father-in-law before turning the gun upon
himself. If she has previously been quite able to talk herself out of
situations, Lily cannot even hope to wrangle out of this new situation.
Immediately reporting the murder to the police (with the understatement of the
movie, “There’s been an accident”), she discovers herself on the front pages of
the city papers, the subject of a major scandal. Once more, she cleverly
attempts to make the most of the situation, negotiating with the Gotham Trust
board for a payment to not publish her private journals. But this time, she
entraps herself by her pretenses, arguing that what she would really like is to
simply have the opportunity to support herself. The new bank president, the
former playboy Courtland Trenholm (George Brent) cleverly takes her up on her
it, offering her a job in their Paris office. The fact that she linguistically
slips back, for a few moments, to her
previous tough-girl dialogue, reveals her disorientation with the sudden
shift of situation, and hints, perhaps, at her later fascination of the man who
has just out-witted her.
Surprising even herself, Lily takes on her
new job as a travel agent within the company with great aplomb, demonstrating
herself, once more, as one of the most capable of employees. This may seem like
a minor issue, but it proves that Lily Powers, had she been only given an
ordinary opportunity, would have succeeded equally, without her sexual
offerings. In the depression, however, she most definitely would not have been
given that opportunity, would most likely not ever hired and would practically
reached no position higher than a secretary, just as Chico, no matter what her
relationship to Lily, must continue to counterfeit herself as a maid.*
But we also sense that Lily is now holding
out for something far more desirable, that through her meteoric rise and fall
she has discerned that she has still selling herself short. A clue might be in
Cortland’s strange last name, Trenholm, which derives from a Nordic words
meaning “crane island.” The tall stately birds, clearly representative of
social heights and grace of Cortland’s ancestry, suggest a world apart from the
others she has previously encountered, a cultural enclave to which she now suddenly
wants entry. The film portrays her unexpected patience as she waits, without an
umbrella, in the rain, for Trenholm to appear from the building wherein she has
just reencountered him, to enter his awaiting car. Naturally, he must offer her
a ride and the temporary cover of his umbrella.
It is also clear that in the time she has
spent away from New York, she has plotted a new strategy. Instead of making
herself available, she sheaths herself in silence, as if she were judging him,
evaluating his behavior, the fact of which he quickly discerns. Using honesty
instead of placation, she even tells him that he has somewhat disappointed her
in his very ordinariness, in the fact that he, too, has been taken in so easily
by her charms. And this time around, Lily is not willing to enter in a sexual
liaison without the promise of marriage.
Amazingly, she quickly attains her entry
to “crane island,” as he marries her, awarding her jewels and bonds which she
dazzlingly displays to Chico as if they were trophies, arguing that they only
represent half of what she will one day control.
We are, however, still in a world where
other powers can hold sway over our lives. This film, after all, remains a work
of the Great Depression. If Trenholm, called back to New York for having
created yet a new scandal through his marriage, the bank which he heads is as
subject as all others to failure, even if Baby Face unconvincingly attempts to
suggest the cause was its customer’s lack of confidence because of his
alliance. Indicted, Trenholm must suddenly raise a million dollars for his
defense, half of which he has entrusted to his newly wed wife.
Deluded, like all the others, Trenholm is
suddenly faced with his stupidity when the now heartless Lily outrightly
refuses to help him:
Lily Powers: I can't do
it. I have to think of myself. I've
gone through a lot to get
those things. My life has been
bitter and hard. I'm not
like other women.
Here, we suddenly discover that her
machinations have turned her into a kind of monster, as she perceives even her
former achievements as elements in a life of suffering. And, once again, there
is a hint in her final disclaimer that she, different from other women, is
unable to love men.
Grabbing her jewels and money, she orders
Chico to pack her bags and meet her back at the ship, with the intention,
obviously, of leaving her husband in the lurch. It is unpleasant scene, but it
fits the pattern of her behavior throughout the film, forcing us to realize
that she has never truly come to understand what precisely she has been
seeking, to discover the goal of all her so capable acts.
Just as she as realized that she must use a
different tactic to win over Trenholm, however, she must accordingly comprehend
that he is not just another man. Trenholm is a taller more gracious being who
stands apart from all the others, and in that recognition she rushes back to
him at the very moment he attempts suicide. **
At film’s end, as the couple speed away in
an ambulance, we perceive that Trenholm will survive. When one of her attaché
cases falls open, revealing its contents, an attendant suggests she might want
to protect it, but Lily, focusing upon her husband’s fate, proclaims that they
no longer need it. Finally, we perceive, this woman-on-the-prowl has discovered
what she has been looking for: a human being who might love her, not a
container of baubles and promised payments. Yet, as one critic wittily noted, we
can only imagine that, a few minutes later, she will take care of the open
case; for they will surely need the money to pay for the doctor’s bill and the
lawyers to save Trenholm from imprisonment. She has finally found something
worthy of purchasing with her new-found wealth.
*Sadly,
except for this and a few other films, the obviously talented Harris had to
play a maid or chorus singer in most of the dozens of films in which she had
small parts. She worked throughout her life to change Hollywood’s attitudes
toward black actors, unsuccessfully during her lifetime. Lynn Nottage’s 2011
play, By the Way, Meet Vera Stark is based, in part, on Harris’ life.
**Strangely,
the later censored version insisted that he was just another lug, returning the
couple to Erie, New York where he would work in the refineries like all the
other men she had previously rejected.
Los
Angeles, November 5, 2014
Reprinted
from World Cinema Review (November 2014).
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